Rest of Curriculum Outline for Unit I (Chapters 1-3)

Transatlantic Encounters and Colonial Beginnings, 1492-1690
First European contacts with Native Americans
-Spanish (Aztecs, Incas, and Mayas), Columbus, killed off by diseases, disorganization (wars), and disposability, Indians introduced new plants and foods to Europeans(beans, corn, potatoes, tobacco) as well as syphilis and Europeans introduced animals (horses, pigs) as well as diseases, sugar cane (Columbian Exchange)
Spain’s Empire in North American
-Mestizos (Spanish men married Indian women), few families, encomienda system (forced labor of Indians, rigid class system), located in South, Central and Western American due to conquistadors, introduced Roman Catholicism, had mixed relations with Native Americans, Florida (St. Augustine), New Mexico, Texas, California
French Colonization of Canada
-Had the best relations with Indians, settlement along the St. Lawrence Rivers as well as the Ohio Valley and Mississippi Basin, traded with Indians (furs), intermarried with Indians, little threat to Indians due to small settlements unlike New England, respected culture, introduced Catholicism
English settlement of New England
-Plymouth (Pilgrim Dissenters), faced many early hardships
-Massachusetts Bay (Puritans), Great Migration of Puritans (Congregationalist Church), John Winthrop (City Upon a Hill), rocky soil and long winters limited farmers to small subsistent farms, industry included logging, shipbuilding, fishing, trading, rum-distilling, settled from religious reasons, Protestant work ethic (worked hard to ensure they were members of the elect under predestination, offered came in family units, high life expectancy, religion dominated society (Salem Witch Trials), Half-Way Covenant (allowed more religious participation) town meetings (direct democracy), promoted education to read the Bible (first tax-supported schools, establishment of Ivy League schools), King Philip’s War (ended Indian resistance in New England)
-Rhode Island: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson (antinomianism: faith not deeds led to salvation), complete religious toleration, respected Indians rights, formed from banished of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
English Settlement of the Mid-Atlantic Region
-Penn’s Holy Experiment: safe haven for Quakers, Frame of Government and Charter of Liberties (guaranteed freedoms and colonial government), one of the most diverse and liberal colonies, Philly
-New York (Dutch) trading and farming, iron-making, taken by the English without a fight from a discouraged Peter Stuyvesant, Anglican Church
-Schools church-sponsored or private, rich soil to produce wheat and corn for export (breadbasket), trading important
English settlement of the South
Chesapeake Colonies
-Virginia: founded for economic reasons, tobacco prosperity (John Rolfe), first arrival of slaves House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, young male indentured servants, few woman and children, high death rates
-Maryland: founded for Catholics, Act of Toleration due to rising Protestant population, tobacco farming
Southern Colonies
-Carolinas: founded for economic reasons, colonist from Barbados, trading furs and provided food for West Indies, rice-growing plantation worked by African slaves, indigo, North broke from South (more linked with Virginia, small farmers)
-Georgia (James Oglethrope), founded as a debtor haven, buffer colony against Spanish Florida, linked with South Carolina, developed a plantation system
-Little education, private tutors for the wealthy, farming ranged from subsistent to large plantations that were self-sufficient, exported timber and naval stores (tar and pitch), Anglican Church
From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake Region
-Bacon’s Rebellion caused moved from indentured servants to slaves, need for labor on plantations, difficult to find a proper labor source
Religious diversity in the America colonies
-Most diverse (Middle Colonies), Least diverse (New England), rise of new sects after First Great Awakening
Resistance to Colonial Authority
-Bacon’s Rebellion: sharp class divisions between wealthy planters and landless/poor farmers, colonial resistance to royal control (royal government under William Berkeley)
-Glorious Rebellion: William and Mary came to power in England, destroyed Edmund Andros’ Dominion of New England (laying taxes, limiting town meetings, and revoking land titles), limited salutary neglect by enforcing the Navigation Acts
-Pueblo Revolt: Indian uprising against the Spanish, successful, wanted more rights

Colonial North America, 1690-1754
Population Growth
-Spectacular gains made as a result of immigration and sharp natural increase, Population increased from 250,000 in 1701 to 2,500,000 in 1775; African Americans from 28,000 in 1701 to 500,000 in 1775
Immigration (escaping religious persecution/wars, economic opportunity such as farming, shopkeeper, merchant, or artisan)
-English, Germans (Pennsylvania), Scotch-Irish (western parts of PA,VA, Carolinas), Africans (by 1775, consisted of 20% of the population, slavery legal in all states before the Revolution
Transatlantic Trade and the growth of seaports
-Mercantilism (favored mother country): Navigation Acts (must use English ships, goods had to go through English ports, enumerated goods like tobacco had to go to England only)
-Positive Impacts of Navigation Acts: New England shipbuilding prospered, Chesapeake colonies, VA and MD had monopoly in England, English forces protected attacks by French and Spain
-Negative Impacts of Navigation Acts: Colonial manufacturing limited, paid high prices for manufactured goods, farmers received low prices for crops, smuggling routine (salutary neglect)
-Triangular Trade: Slaves from Africa to West Indies (middle passage), Sugar and molasses from West Indies to New England, Rum from New England to Africa, Foodstuffs from North America to West Indies, Manufactured goods from England to New England, Tobacco, furs, indigo, naval stores from New England to England
-Rise of seaports along the Eastern Coast due to geographic advantages, water routes easily for trade due to poor roads, Boston, New York, Philly, Charleston were sites of good harbors and navigable rivers
The 18th Century Backcountry
Small rural independent farmers, Scotch-Irish, Regulatory Movement (took laws into their own hands), didn’t relate nor respect British rule, lower life expectancy, difficult life, encountered Indians, Taverns/Inn popped up to provide lodging and social centers
Growth of plantation economies and slave societies
-Headright System (encouraged wealthy planters to obtain indentured servants), After Bacon’s Rebellion, relied more on slaves, geography of the south (large areas to produce tobacco and indigo encouraged the plantation system
-Growth of slavery: Reduced migration of European immigrants, Dependable work force (problems of indentured servants), Cheap labor (loss of slave trade monopoly of the Royal African Company), racism and slavery become integral part of American colonial society
-Slave laws: all states allowed slaves (based on race)
The Enlightenment
-Human reasoning to solve humanity’s problems, John Locke (natural rights, had right to revolt against govts. failing to protect their rights, used by Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence)
-Deists: God had established natural laws in creating the universe but that the role of divine intervention in human affairs was minimal, believed in rationalism and emphasized reason, science,, and respect for humanity (had profound impact on the Founding Fathers especially Ben Franklin)
Great Awakening (1730s and 1740s)
Jonathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hand of an Angry God), each individual could be saved by God’s grace, George Whitefield (taught faith an sincerity could understand Christianity without depending on ministers to lead them)
-Impacts: Emotionalism became part of Protestant services, minister lost some of their former authority among those who now studied the Bible in their homes, more evangelical sects such as the Methodists and Baptists, New Lights and Old Lights division , increased religious diversity, called for separation of church and state, First unifying experience of colonists regardless of social class, region, and national origin, viewed authority differently
Colonial Government in British North America
Each colony had a representative assembly elected by eligible voters (white male property owners), governors usually appointed by the crown
Beginnings of self-rule: Virginia (House of Burgesses), Mayflower Compact, Connecticut (Fundamental Orders), New England Confederation, Penn’s Holy Experiment (Frame of Government, Charter of Liberties)
Imperial Policy in British North America
-salutary neglect (lightly enforced the Navigation Acts), allowed slavery, Zenger Case (freedom of the press), allowed the colonies to develop self-government and local rule as well as the economy.