Plymouth (1620)-settled for religious freedom (Pilgrims)
Mayflower Compact- early form of self-govt.
Absorbed by Massachusetts Bay in 1691
Massachusetts Bay (1630)-settled for religious freedom (Puritans/Congregationalist Church), Great Migration of Puritans
John Winthrop’s City On A Hill
Strict religion but gave way to Halfway Covenant
Town meetings-direct democracy
Strong in education, especially higher education
Rhode Island- broke away from Massachusetts Bay
Religiously tolerant, recognized rights of Indians
John Williams & Anne Hutchinson
Separation of church and state unlike Massachusetts Bay
Connecticut- broke away from Massachusetts Bay
Thomas Hooker
Fundamental Orders-allowed males with property to vote, limited power of govt.
Environment
Forested, rocky soil with long, cold winters & short growing seasons (long life expectancy)
Economy
Small family farms practice subsistent farming, shipbuilding, logging, rum-distilling, fishing, trade with England & West Indies in Triangular Trade (not enforced by British), belief in predestination leads to Protestant work ethic, few indentured servants and slaves (least diverse population)
New England Confederation-formed a military alliance against the Indians (early form of unity within the colonies)
King Philip’s War- ended Indian resistance in New England
Dominion of NE- King James II tried to increase royal control over the colonies and limit their self-govt., ended after Glorious Revolution (resistance to colonial rule)
New York-founded by the Dutch and taken over by English
Trade
Pennsylvania-founded by William Penn for religious & political freedom
Holy Experiment- attract a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people, enact liberal ideas in govt., treat Indians with respect
Quakers-belief in pacifism and equality of men & women
Frame of Govt.- provided a representative assembly
Charter of Liberties- provided freedom of religion
Both attract the most diverse population in the colonies
Environment
Fertile soil, temperate climate with longer growing seasons
Economy
Cash crops include wheat, rye, corn (breadbasket)
Trade and manufacturing centers (New York City, Philly-grid city)
Exported to England & West Indies
Little slavery, some large estates & family farms that hired indentured servants
Chesapeake Colonies
Virginia (1607)- formed for economic reasons (joint stock companies)
Religion not real importance
James Smith and John Rolfe (tobacco) provided stability
House of Burgesses- form of self-govt. (representative assembly)
Bacon’s Rebellion (class conflict)- lead to reliance of indentured servants to African slaves
Maryland- founded as religious haven for Catholics
Tobacco important
Act of Toleration-religious freedom for all Christians
Carolinas-founded for economic reasons (8 Lords Proprietors)
Rice, indigo, naval stores
Rise of African slave trade to work rice plantations, influenced by Barbados
North Carolina separated from the South, more democratic, small tobacco farms, more aligned with Virginia than South Carolina
Georgia- founded as a haven for debtors and buffer zone against Spanish Florida (James Oglethorpe)
Rise of slavery and plantations, adopted SC plantation system
Environment
Fertile soil, mild winters with long growing seasons, abundant waterways for irrigation and transportation
Swamps and warm weather led to disease (lower life expectancy)
Economy
Labor intensive tobacco, rice, and indigo agriculture on plantations, few large cities and few slaves lived in cities (second more diverse population due to large number of African slaves)
Most farms small and worked at subsistent level, self-sufficient plantations with large numbers of slaves held by a wealthy few (headright system)
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