Interesting T-Shirt

Thank you Mary and Katherine for this T-shirt idea! 

Free Responses:Chapter 9 & 11

(2010b)

Compare and contrast the experience of slaves on tobacco plantations in the early 17^th century Chesapeake region with that of the slaves on 19^th century cotton plantations in the Deep South. What forces transformed the institution of slavery from the early 17^th century to the 19^th century.

(2009 DBQ)

From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTH of those changes took place. Analyze the ways that BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges confronting them.

(2008b)

Use TWO of the following categories to analyze the ways in which African Americans created a distinctive culture in slavery.

                Family

                Music

                Oral traditions

                Religion

(2007)

In what ways did the Second Great Awakening in the North influence TWO of the following?

                Abolitionism

                Temperance

                The cult of domesticity

                Utopian communities

(2006DBQ)

Discuss the changing ideals of American womanhood between the American Revolution (1770s) and the outbreak of the Civil War. What factors fostered the emergence of “republican motherhood” and the “cult of domesticity”? Assess the extent to which these ideals influenced the lives of women during this period. In your answer be sure to consider issues of class and race.

(2002 DBQ)

“Reform movements in the United States sought to expand democratic ideals.” Assess the validity of this statement with specific reference to the years 1825-1850. Use the following documents and your knowledge of the period 1825-1850 in constructing your answer.

(1981 DBQ)

How and why did the lives and status of Northern middle-class women change between 1776 and 1876?

(2001)

How did economic, geographic, and social factors encourage the growth of slavery as an important part of the economy of the southern colonies between 1607 and 1775?

(2004b)

To what extent and in what ways did the roles of women change in American society between 1790 and 1860? Respond with reference to TWO of the following areas:

                Domestic

                Economic

                Political

                Social

(1993)

In what ways did the early 19^th century reform movements for abolition and women’s rights illustrate both the strengths and the weaknesses of democracy in the early American republic?

(1994)

Analyze the ways in which TWO of the following influenced the development of American society.

                Puritanism in the 17^th century

                The Great Awakening in the 18^th century

                The Second Great Awakening in the 19^th century

(1995)

Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the 19^th century used legal, religious, and economic arguments to defend the institution of slavery.

The One Dollar Bill

http://www.hometownhutchinson.com/33?article_id=337

State Map Game

http://www.history.com/interactives/place-the-state-game

Take the Quiz and post your results

http://www.theadvocates.org/quiz

History of Halloween

http://www.history.com/topics/halloween/videos?et_cid=17427297&et_rid=jobesw@charter.net#haunted-history-of-halloween

Religion, Reform, and Renaissance in Antebellum America (Very Important

Religion, Reform, and Renaissance in Antebellum America
Evangelical Protestant revivalism
-Second Great Awakening of the 1820s and 1830s (Finney and Cartwright), empowered the individual in finding religion, rise of new sects (Methodists and Baptists), Millennialism (end of times), Mormons, the South gained religion, linked with Jacksonian Democracy (empowering the common man)
Social Reforms
-Temperance (women involved), Prison Reform (Dix), Public Education (Horace Mann), Higher Education, Abolitionists, Women’s Movement (Seneca Falls)
Ideals of domesticity
-role of women moved from Republican Mothers to Cult of Domesticity (men responsible for economic and political affairs, separation of spheres, and women concentrated on the care of the home and children as well as moral leaders of the home and educators of children, domestic feminism led to involvement in social reforms
Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson (lyceums), Henry David Thoreau (Walden, On Civil Disobedience) Brook Farm, believed in individualism and abolition
Utopian Communities (Perfectionism
)
-Shakers, New Harmony, Mormons, Oneida Community, Fourier Phalanxes
American Renaissance: literary and artistic expression
-Painting (George Caleb Bingham drew common man experiences, Hudson River School (landscapes)
-Architecture (Greek Revival)
-Literature: James Fenimore Cooper (American writing about American experiences, Hawthorne (The Scarlet Letter), Melville (Moby Dick), Transcendentalists (Emerson and Thoreau), writings became more nationalistic

Chapter 11: Society, Culture, and Reform, 1820-1860

Antebellum Period
First Great Awakening
Unitarians
Charles Finney
Peter Cartwright
Circuit riders
Revival “camp meetings”
New Protestant sects
Millennialism
Mormons
Joseph Smith
Brigham Young
New Zion
Polygamy
Second Great Awakening
Social Reform
Romantic Movement
Transcendentalists
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Henry David Thoreau
Nonviolent protest
George Ripley/Brook Farm
Margaret Fuller
Utopian communities
Perfectionism
Shakers
Robert Owen/New Harmony
Noyes/Oneida Community
Fourier Phalanxes
George Caleb Bingham
Hudson River School
John J. Audubon
Greek Revival architecture
Washington Irving
James Fenimore Cooper
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Herman Melville
Walt Whitman
Temperance Movement
American Temperance Society
Washingtonians
Demon Rum
Teetotalism/Abstinence
Maine Law of 1851
Asylum movement
Dorothea Dix
Thomas Gallaudet
Dr. Samuel Howe
Penitentiaries
Horace Mann
Public School movement
Tax-supported schools
Moral education
McGuffey Readers
Noah Webster
Private colleges
Mary Lyon
Lyceums
Birth control
Cult of Domesticity
Separation of spheres
Child-centered families
Domestic Feminism
Grimke Sisters
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Women’s Rights movement
“Sisterhood”
American Colonization Society
William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator)
Abolitionist movement
American Antislavery Society
Liberty Party
Black Abolitionists
Frederick Douglas (The North Star)
Sojourner Truth
Violent abolitionists
David Walker/The Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World
Denmark Vessey Conspiracy
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
American Peace Society
Southern reforms v. Northern/western reforms

This Date in History: October 13

1792 : White House cornerstone laid

The cornerstone is laid for a presidential residence in the newly designated capital city of Washington. In 1800, President John Adams became the first president to reside in the executive mansion, which soon became known as the "White House" because its white-gray Virginia freestone contrasted strikingly with the red brick of nearby buildings.

The city of Washington was created to replace Philadelphia as the nation's capital because of its geographical position in the center of the existing new republic. The states of Maryland and Virginia ceded land around the Potomac River to form the District of Columbia, and work began on Washington in 1791. French architect Charles L'Enfant designed the area's radical layout, full of dozens of circles, crisscross avenues, and plentiful parks. In 1792, work began on the neoclassical White House building at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue under the guidance of Irish American architect James Hoban, whose design was influenced by Leinster House in Dublin and by a building sketch in James Gibbs' Book of Architecture. President George Washington chose the site.

On November 1, President John Adams was welcomed into the executive mansion. His wife, Abigail, wrote about their new home: "I pray heaven to bestow the best of blessings on this house, and on all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but wise men ever rule under this roof!"

In 1814, during the War of 1812, the White House was set on fire along with the U.S. Capitol by British soldiers in retaliation for the burning of government buildings in Canada by U.S. troops. The burned-out building was subsequently rebuilt and enlarged under the direction of James Hoban, who added east and west terraces to the main building, along with a semicircular south portico and a colonnaded north portico. The smoke-stained stone walls were painted white. Work was completed on the White House in the 1820s.

Major restoration occurred during the administration of President Harry Truman, and Truman lived across the street for several years in Blair House. Since 1995, Pennsylvania Avenue between the White House and Lafayette Square has been closed to vehicular traffic for security reasons. Today, more than a million tourists visit the White House annually. It is the oldest federal building in the nation's capital.

Free Responses:Chapter 6-10

(2008)
Analyze the impact of the market revolution (1815-1860) on the economies of TWO of the following regions.
The Northeast
The Midwest
The South

(2002B DBQ)
Historians have traditionally labeled the period after the War of 1812 the “Era of Good Feelings”. Evaluate the accuracy of this label, considering the emergence of nationalism and sectionalism. Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1815-1825 to construct your answer.

(1998 DBQ)
With the respect to the federal Constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of the Federalists. To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison? In your writing, use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1801-1817.

(1990 DBQ)
Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the United State Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. In light of the following documents and your knowledge of the 1820’s and 1830s, to what extent do you agree with the Jacksonians’ view of themselves?

(2007)
Settlers in the 18th century American backcountry sometimes resorted to violent protest to express their grievances. Analyze the causes and significance of TWO of the following:
March of the Paxton Boys
Regulator Movement
Shays’ Rebellion
Whiskey Rebellion

(1994)
Evaluate the relative importance of domestic and foreign affairs in shaping politics in the 1790s.

(2002)
Analyze the contributions of TWO of the following in helping establish a stable government after the adoption of the Constitution.
John Adams
Thomas Jefferson
George Washington

(2003b)
Although the power of the national government increased during the early republic, this development often faced serious opposition. Compare the motives and effectiveness of those opposed to the growing power of the national government in TWO of the following.
Whiskey Rebellion (1794)
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799
Hartford Convention, 1814-1815
Nullification Crisis, 1832-1833

(2004b)
To what extent was the election of 1800 aptly name the “Revolution of 1800”? Respond with reference to TWO of the following areas:
Economics
Foreign policy
Judiciary
Politics

(1997)
Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on national unity between 1800 and 1850.

(1999)
How did TWO of the following contribute to the reemergence of a two party system in the period 1820 to 1840?
Major political personalities
States’ rights
Economic issues

(1996)
Analyze the extent in which TWO of the following influenced the development of democracy between 1820 and 1840.
Jacksonian economic policy
Changes in electoral politics
Second Great Awakening
Westward Movement

(2001)
The Jacksonian Period (1824-1848) has been celebrated as the era of the “common man..” To what extent did the period live up to its characterization? Consider TWO of the following in your response.
Economic development
Politics
Reform movements

(1991)
Although historically represented as distinct parties, the Federalists and the Whigs in fact shared common political ideology, represented many of the same interest groups and purposed similar programs and policies. Assess the validity of this statement.

(1989)
Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American economic growth in the first half of the 19th century. Assess the validity of this statement.

(2003)
In what ways did developments in transportation bring about economic and social change in the US in the period 1820 to 1860?

The Transformation of Politics in Antebellum America (Very Important)

The Transformation of Politics in Antebellum America
Emergence of the Two-Party System
-Democrats: states’ rights, limited govt., universal white male suffrage, southerners, westerners, small farmers, urban workers, immigrants
-Whigs: Favored Clay’s American System (national bank, federal funding of internal improvements, protective tariff), opposed immorality and vice (blamed old immigrants from Germany and Ireland), New Englanders, Mid-Atlantic and upper-Middle-Western states, Protestants of English stock, middle-class urban professionals
Federal Authority and its opponents
-Judicial Federalism: Jackson opposed the Federalist Marshall Court decisions such as Worchester v. Georgia (believed in states’ rights), opposed federal funding of internal improvements (Clay’s Maysville Road), Jackson lived up to Democratic ideals
-The Bank War: “King Andrew” Jackson vetoed the recharter bill to spite Clay/Nicholas Biddle claiming to help the common man against business interests (placed federal money in pet/state banks leading to Panic of 1837 under Martin Van Buren (Ruin), Specie Circular (hoped to stop inflationary trend), Jackson lived up to Democratic ideals, helped him win second term, vetoed more laws than all the previous presidents
-Tariff Controversy: Opposed Calhoun’s nullification theory, placed Union above states’ rights, Jackson didn’t live up to Democratic ideals, Force Bill (gave Jackson authority to send troops into South Carolina but conflict was resolved with the Tariff Compromise of 1833 (Clay)
-States’ rights debates: Webster-Hayne Debates of 1830, fought over the idea of states leaving the Union
-Other: Peggy Eaton Affair (hurt relations with VP John C. Calhoun)
Jacksonian Democracy and its successes
-Universal male suffrage, nomination conventions (replaced King Caucus), popular election of electoral college members, reemergence of two-party system (from the one-party rule under the Era of Good Feelings), Rise of third parties (Anti-Masons), More elected offices, popular campaigning (politics a form of entertainment), Spoils system, rotation of office
Jackson Democracy and its limitations (not part of the common man equation)
-Indian Removal Act, stopped abolition literature from being sent through US mails (upheld slavery), no new rights for women, Jackson often used the presidency against rivals, not ruling by political ideology

Andrew Jackson Outline

Andrew Jackson 

Andrew Jackson (1829-1837)
Old Hickory
Champion of the “common man”

-Gained fame following victory at New Orleans, two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent that ended the War of 1812.
-Also, victorious at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend (AL), ending the power of an important British ally, the Creeks.
-Led a military force into Florida in 1818 to stop groups of Seminoles, runaway slaves, and white outlaws.
-This led to the Spanish selling Florida to the US in 1819
-Ran for president in 1824 but was defeated following the “corrupt bargain” where Henry Clay used his influence in the House to provide John Quincy Adams the presidency in exchange for the Speaker of the House. (The House of Representatives choose the presidency because no presidential candidate received a majority in the Electoral College).
-Defeated Quincy Adams in 1828, carrying southern and western votes and led to Jacksonian Democracy.

Politics of the “common man” (not including blacks, Indians, nor women)
1. Universal manhood suffrage- more people could now vote and hold political office
2. Nominating Conventions- closed the door on “King Caucus” where the “common man” had no opportunity to participate. With nominating conventions, more people could now participate in choosing presidential candidates.
3. Popular election of the president- voters could now choose a state’s slate of presidential electors. This basically allowed the popular vote in states to choose the state’s electors.
4. Two-party system- presidential candidates had to be more national and had to organize these campaigns. Larger parties and more members were needed for effectiveness.
5. More elected offices- a much larger number of state and local officials were now elected to office by the people instead of being appointed, giving the “common man” more voice and interest in government.
6. Popular campaigning- candidates directed their campaigns to the interests of the people, becoming a form of popular entertainment. In trying the appeal to the masses, candidates with aristocratic airs might be attacked as an opponent and seen as unfriendly to the “common man”.
7. Spoils system- appointment of people and party members who helped win elections If a Democrat won the presidency from a Republican, then they would replace the Republicans with Democrats who helped them win the election.
8. Rotation of Office- to maximize the number of Democrats holding office, officeholders from the spoils system would be removed after one term, affirming one man was as good as another in holding public office



Jackson’s Presidency
-President of the dirt farmer
-Role of Presidency (King Andrew)- strong executive power
-Advised by his Kitchen Cabinet
-Presented himself as a representative of the people and the protector of the “common man” against the abuses of the rich
-Opposed increased federal spending and the national debt (like Jefferson)
-Jackson often, but not always, interpreted the Constitution narrowly (like the Jeffersonian ideal) by vetoing the use of federal money to construct the Maysville Road because it was wholly within Clay’s state of Kentucky, his archrival

Peggy Eaton Affair
-Jackson tried to force his cabinet member’s wives to accept Peggy Eaton socially. When this failed to happen, most cabinet members resigned, later including his Vice President, John C. Calhoun

Indian Removal Act (1830)
-Jackson sympathized with land-hungry westerners forcing the Five Civilized Tribes (not part of the “common man” west to the Indian Territory (later to become Oklahoma in 1890, leading to the Trail of Tears
-Despite Marshall’s decision (not let him enforce it) favoring the Cherokees, Jackson simply ignored it.

Nullification Crisis
-Jackson favored states’ rights (like Jefferson) but not if it would led to disunion.
-In 1828, Calhoun led a theory of nullification movement to counter the 1828 Tariff of Abomination.
In 1832, SC nullified a new 1832 tariff (remember tariffs hurt the South and helped the North), causing Congress to pass the Force Bill. This gave the president authority to send troops to SC.
-While Jackson did not send in troops due to a compromise tariff of 1833 led by the Great Compromiser Henry Clay, he did win support of southerners with his resentment against the growing abolitionist movement as blacks were not seen as the “common man”.

Bank Veto
-Believing the Bank of the US unconstitutional due to his strict interpretation of the Constitution and his hatred toward this abusive “hydra of corruption”, Jackson vetoed a bank-recharter bill allowing federal bank deposits to be placed in state or “pet banks”.
-With inflation and overspeculation in western lands, Jackson ordered the Specie Circular, requiring federal purchase to land to be made in gold and silver rather than paper money.
His actions led to the Panic of 1837, severely hurting his hand-picked successor, Martin Van Buren (Ruin).
Rise of the Whigs- see chart on page 191 on the Amsco

A Very OLD Hickory 

Chapter 10 Terms

The Age of Jackson, 1824-1844
Alexis de Tocqueville
Equality
The Common Man
Jacksonian Democracy/Common Man Politics
Universal manhood suffrage
King Caucus
National nominating conventions
Popular election of the president
Two-Party system
Third parties
More elected offices
Popular campaigning
Spoils System (Patronage)
Rotation of Office
Election of 1824
Corrupt Bargain
John Q. Adams
Election/Revolution of 1828
Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory)
Rachel Donelson
Role of the President
Maysville Rd.
Kitchen Cabinet
Five Civilized Tribes
Indian Removal Act (1830)
Cherokee Nation v. GA (1831)
Worchester v. GA (1832)
Trail of Tears
States’ Rights
Tariff of 1828/Tariff of Abominations
John C. Calhoun
SC Exposition & Protest (1828)
Nullification theory
Hayne-Webster Debates
Jefferson Day Dinner Toast
Tariff of 1832
Nullification Crisis
Force Bill
Abolitionist/Anti-Slavery literature
Second Bank of the US
Nicholas Biddle
Henry Clay
Bank Recharter Bill
Bank Veto Message
King Andrew
“Moneyed Monster” & “Hydra of Corruption”
Democrats v. Whigs (See page 191)
Election of 1832
Pet Banks
Runaway inflation
Specie Circular
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren (Little Magician)
Panic of 1837
Laissez-faire Economics
Independent Treasury
Election of 1840
Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!
Log Cabin & Hard Cider
William Henry Harrison
John Tyler
George Caleb Bingham

Chapter 9 Terms

Chapter 9: Sectionalism
Sectionalism
Industrial NE
Labor Unions
Commonwealth v. Hunt (1842)
Urban Life
African Americans in the NE
The Old NW
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
John Deere
Cyrus McCormick
Agriculture in the Old NW
New Cities
Immigration (Old Immigrants)
Irish
Germans
Nativism
Know-Nothing Party
The South
Eli Whitney
Short staple v. long staple cotton
King Cotton
Cotton Belt
Peculiar institution
Positive good v. necessary evil
Internal slave trade
Slave auctions
Principle of fear
Plantation slaves v. House slaves
Paternalism
Passive resistance
Slave codes
Free blacks in the North
Free blacks in the South
Mulattos
Manumission
Racism
Antebellum (Old ) South
Planter Aristocracy
Small slaveowners
Yeoman farmers
Planter women
Poor whites
Mountain whites
Southern cities
Chivalry
Dueling
Southern education
Religion
The West
Native Americans
Great Plains
Horses/ Buffalo
The Frontier
Mountain men
White setters in the West
Western women
Environmental damage

This Date in History: October 7

Battle of Kings Mountain

During the American Revolution, Patriot irregulars under Colonel William Campbell defeat Tories under Major Patrick Ferguson at the Battle of King's Mountain in South Carolina.

Major Ferguson's Tory force, made up mostly of American Loyalists from South Carolina and elsewhere, was the western wing of General Lord Cornwallis' North Carolina invasion force. One thousand American frontiersmen under Colonel Campbell of Virginia gathered in the backcountry to resist Ferguson's advance. Pursued by the Patriots, Ferguson positioned his Tory force in defense of a rocky, treeless ridge named King's Mountain. The Patriots charged the hillside multiple times, demonstrating lethal marksmanship against the surrounded Loyalists.

Unwilling to surrender to a "band of banditti," Ferguson led a suicidal charge down the mountain and was cut down in a hail of bullets. After his death, some of his men tried to surrender, but they were slaughtered in cold blood by the frontiersmen, who were bitter over British excesses in the Carolinas. The Tories suffered 157 killed, 163 wounded, and 698 captured. Colonel Campbell's force suffered just 28 killed and 60 wounded.

This Date in History: October 4

October 4: General Interest
1957 : Sputnik launched

The Soviet Union inaugurates the "Space Age" with its launch of Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite. The spacecraft, named Sputnik after the Russian word for "satellite," was launched at 10:29 p.m. Moscow time from the Tyuratam launch base in the Kazakh Republic. Sputnik had a diameter of 22 inches and weighed 184 pounds and circled Earth once every hour and 36 minutes. Traveling at 18,000 miles an hour, its elliptical orbit had an apogee (farthest point from Earth) of 584 miles and a perigee (nearest point) of 143 miles. Visible with binoculars before sunrise or after sunset, Sputnik transmitted radio signals back to Earth strong enough to be picked up by amateur radio operators. Those in the United States with access to such equipment tuned in and listened in awe as the beeping Soviet spacecraft passed over America several times a day. In January 1958, Sputnik's orbit deteriorated, as expected, and the spacecraft burned up in the atmosphere.

Officially, Sputnik was launched to correspond with the International Geophysical Year, a solar period that the International Council of Scientific Unions declared would be ideal for the launching of artificial satellites to study Earth and the solar system. However, many Americans feared more sinister uses of the Soviets' new rocket and satellite technology, which was apparently strides ahead of the U.S. space effort. Sputnik was some 10 times the size of the first planned U.S. satellite, which was not scheduled to be launched until the next year. The U.S. government, military, and scientific community were caught off guard by the Soviet technological achievement, and their united efforts to catch up with the Soviets heralded the beginning of the "space race."

The first U.S. satellite, Explorer, was launched on January 31, 1958. By then, the Soviets had already achieved another ideological victory when they launched a dog into orbit aboard Sputnik 2. The Soviet space program went on to achieve a series of other space firsts in the late 1950s and early 1960s: first man in space, first woman, first three men, first space walk, first spacecraft to impact the moon, first to orbit the moon, first to impact Venus, and first craft to soft-land on the moon. However, the United States took a giant leap ahead in the space race in the late '60s with the Apollo lunar-landing program, which successfully landed two Apollo 11 astronauts on the surface of the moon in July 1969.

Germany Ends World War One Reparations

Germany ends World War One reparations after 92 years with £59m final payment
By Allan Hall


Germany will finally clear its First World War debt by repaying nearly £60million this weekend.

The £22billion reparations were set by the Allied victors – mostly Britain, France and America – as compensation and punishment for the 1914-18 war.

The reparations were set at the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, by the Allied victors - mostly Britain, France and America.

Most of the money was intended to go to Belgium and France, whose land, towns and villages were devastated by the war, and to pay the Allies some of the costs of waging it.

The initial sum agreed upon for war damages in 1919 was 226billion Reichsmarks, a sum later reduced to 132billion. In sterling at the time this was the equivalent of some £22billion.

The German Federal Budget for 2010 shows the remaining portion of the debt that will be cleared on Sunday, October 3.

The bill would have been settled much earlier had not one Adolf Hitler reneged on reparations during his reign.

Hatred of the settlement agreed at Versailles, France, which crippled Germany as it tried to shape itself into a democracy following defeat in the war, was of significant importance in propelling the Nazis to power.

West Germany, formed after defeat in 1945, took on responsibility for most of the outstanding principle and interest, settling the bill in 1983.

But there was a clause in the so-called London Debt Agreement of 1953 that interest on multi-million pound foreign loans taken out in the Weimar Republic era, to pay off the reparations bill, should themselves be repaid if Germany were ever reunited.
WAR FACTS
● World War One lasted four years, three months and 14 days.

● It took the lives of an estimated 9.7million military personnel and 6.8million civilians.

● In today‘s money the war cost Great Britain alone £22,368,229,004.07 to fight.

● A British Tommy‘s basic pay in the war was one shilling a day, equivalent to 35 pence a week.

● The biggest war reparations demanded before the Versailles Treaty was 5.5billion in gold francs demanded by Prussia from France after its victory over it in the war of 1870-71. France paid if off within five years.

● In 1917, one year before the end of the war, Britain manufactured 186,000 tons of explosives compared to 144,000 tons by Germany.

● An estimated 40 million horses, dogs, carrier pigeons and other animals in the service of the armies of the Great War died in battle.

● The only British First World War veteran still alive is Claude Choules, 108, who served in the Royal Navy and lives in Perth, Australia. Harry Patch, the last foot soldier to survive, died aged 111 in July last year.

Payments on this interest began again in 1996.

'On Sunday the last bill is due and the First World War finally, financially at least, terminates for Germany,' said Bild, the country’s biggest selling newspaper.

Most of the money goes to private individuals, pension funds and corporations holding debenture bonds as agreed under the Treaty of Versailles.

The German government did not reveal how the money will be disbursed but it is understood that it is transferred to a holding account before being sent to the relevant bond and debt holders.

Most of these are American and French.

With the signing of the Versailles accord Germany accepted blame for the war which cost almost ten million men their lives.

Article 231 of the peace treaty - the so-called 'war guilt' clause - declared Germany and Austria-Hungary responsible for all 'loss and damage' suffered by the Allies during the war and provided the basis for reparations.

France, which had been ravaged by war - its farmlands devastated by battles, industries laid waste and some three million men dead - pushed hardest for the steepest possible fiscal punishment for Germany.

The principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, John Maynard Keynes, resigned in 1919 in protest at the scale of the demands, warning correctly that it was stoking the fires for another war in the future.

'Germany will not be able to formulate correct policy if it cannot finance itself,' he warned.

When the Wall Street Crash came in 1929, the Weimar Republic spiralled into debt.

What the Bank of England calls ‘quantitative easing’ now was started in Germany with the printing of money to pay off the war debt, triggering inflation to the point where ten billion marks would not even buy a loaf of bread.

Transportation of the Economy and Society in Antebellum America (Very Important)

The transportation revolution
-Turnpikes (Lancaster and National Roads), (Erie) Canals (linked east and west), Steamboats, Rise of Railroads, Pony Express, Overland Trails (all moved people, ideas, and goods more easily)
Creation of a national market economy
-Manufacturing in the north (Samuel Slater’s Factory System), Mechanical inventions (Whitney’s interchangeable parts and COTTON GIN), Raise Capital of Investment (corporations), Labor in mills and factories (Lowell System), Rise of labor unions, King Cotton in the South (cotton gin)
-Rise in cities (Buffalo, Cleveland, Detroit, Chicago, Cincy, St. Louis, all on major rives) , Lower cost of goods, people move westward, country became smaller, specialization of jobs, single and young women sought jobs (Lowell System), increased need for slaves, difficulty in finding labor (later use old “Irish” immigrants), Agriculture in the Old Northwest (King Wheat & King Corn)
Beginnings of industrialization (South and North began to look different, Rise of Sectionalism)
-Factory System, better transportation system, rise in investment banking, people moved from farms to cities, rise of organized labor unions (Commonwealth v. Hunt)
Changes in social and class structures
-South more dependent of slaves, women increase role in economy and the home, women married for love and had fewer children, real wages improved, upward mobility came generationally, Native Americans moved west of the Mississippi after Indian Removal Act, Mountain Men of the West (traders and trappers), White Settlers on the Western Frontier (faced difficult life)
-Free American Americans (250,000 in the South and 250,000 in the North), faced prejudice and discrimination, Slaves (increased from forced immigrants and natural reproduction, worked on plantations, resisted through work slowdowns and Revolt: Stono Rebellion, Denmark Vesey), slaves sold “down the river” from Upper South (VA) to Deep South (Cotton Belt)
White Society in the South: Aristocracy (wealthy landowners owning many slaves), Farmers (some owned a few slaves, worked side by side with slaves), Poor white/Yeoman Farmers (lived in hills, didn’t own slaves, subsistent farmers, hoped to obtain slaves one day), Mountain people (disliked planters and slavery), Limited number of cities, Slaves at the bottom of the social hierarchy
Immigration and Nativist Reaction
-Old Immigrants: dramatic increase from better ocean transportation, famines and revolutions in Europe, growing reputation of the US
Irish: Moved to Northeastern cities, Drank alcohol, Catholic, worked in the lowest paying jobs (took jobs away from others), voted Democratic
Germans: faced less discrimination than the Irish, moved to mid-western farm lands, farmers and artisans
Nativism: Know-Nothing Party, strong reaction to foreigners who were Catholic, drank, and held different traditions, eventually assimilated making the US more diverse

Chapter 8: Nationalism & Economic Development (Terms)

Era of Good Feelings
James Monroe
Elections of 1816 & 1820
Cultural Nationalism
Stuart, Peale, Trumball
Economic Nationalism
Tariff of 1816
Protective tariffs
Clay’s American System
Protective Tariff
National Bank
Internal Improvements
Monroe’s veto on internal improvements
Panic of 1819
Land speculation
Federalist Party
One-party system
Daniel Webster
John C. Calhoun
Political factions & sectional differences
The Marshall Court
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1821)
Loose construction
Reasons for westward expansion
Cheap money
Balance of power
Tallmadge Amendment
Gradual elimination of slavery
Missouri Compromise (1820)
Sectionalism
Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)
Treaty of 1818
Spanish Florida
Jackson’s military campaigns
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
Restored monarchies
Latin American revolutions
John Quincy Adams
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Population growth
Lancaster Turnpike
Turnpikes
National/Cumberland Rd.
Erie Canal
Canal systems
Steamboats
Robert Fulton
Clipper ships
Pony Express
Railroads
New western cities
Old Northwest
Physical mobility
Manufacturing
Eli Whitney
Cotton Gin
Interchangeable Parts
Corporations
Limited Liability
“Putting Out” system
Samuel Slater
Textile Mills
New England
Factory System
Lowell System
Child labor
Labor Unions
Skilled workers
Commercial v. Subsistent Farming
Specialization
King Cotton
Old Southwest
Market Revolution
Women
Social mobility
Economic mobility
Slavery
Indian Policy

The Marshall Court

"The Marshall Court" (under John Marshall)
(1803) Marbury v. Madison
-William Marbury (one of Adams' midnight appointments), sued Secretary of State Madison to force delivery of his commission as a justice of the peace in the federal district; Marshall would not rule on it, because he said the law that gave the Supreme Court power to rule over such matter was unconstitutional
-established the policy of judicial review over federal legislation
-Precedent of the Supreme Court's power to rule on the constitutionality of federal laws
(1810) Fletcher v. Peck
-Georgia legislature issued extensive land grants to Yazoo Land Company; afterwards, it was considered corrupt, so there was a legislative session that repealed the action
-Court ruled that the original contract was valid and could not be broken
(1819) Dartmouth College v. Woodward
-Republicans back the president of the college, Federalists backed the trustees
-president try to make it a public institution (instead of private) by having the charter revoked
-ruled that even though charter was granted by the king, it was still a contract and thus could not be changed without the consent of both parties
(1819) McCulloch v. Maryland
-state of MD tried to levy a tax on the Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States (to protect the competitive position of state banks)
-ruled against state, b/c state had no right to control an agency of the federal gov't
(1824) Gibbons v. Ogden
-NY state had granted monopoly to Ogden of Hudson River. Gibbons obtained a permit from Congress to operate steamboat there
-Ogden sued, and state ruled in his favor
-Marshall ruled that it was interstate commerce and could not be regulated by a state (only Congress could) - the monopoly was then voided
(1831) Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
-Court refused to hear case, which the Cherokees brought forward, b/c GA had abolished their tribal legislature and courts (said that because the tribe was a "foreign nation, the decision should be made by the Supreme Court)
-Marshall said they really were not foreign nations (they just had special status)
(1832) Worcester v.Georgia
-GA state gov't said any US citizen who wanted to enter Cherokee territory had to obtain permission from the governor
-GA law was overturned, b/c the federal gov't had the constitutionally mandated role of regulating trade with the tribes
-Jackson said of Marshall "John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it"

Era of Good Feelings?

Era of Good Feelings? Consider the years, 1815-1825 (Monroe) as well as nationalism and sectionalism

Sectionalism (rainy day)
Tariff of 1816- higher and first protective tax to aid industries in the North, hurt southerners

Tallmadge Amendment-defeated bill called for gradual emancipation of slavery in Missouri, began slavery debate

Missouri Compromise- growing problems with the expansion of slavery in territories, slavery will eventually divide the nation

Slave Revolts- Denmark Vessey, called for local action to invoke stronger slave codes in the South

Election of 1820 & 1824
1820- one-party system following death of Federalist Party (Hartford Convention in 1816)
1824- Electoral vote divided between 4 regional candidates with Quincy Adams winning after the “corrupt bargain” with Henry Clay, rise of Whig Party
Political and sectional differences became more intense
Calhoun moves from nationalist to states’ rights supporter

Panic of 1819
Each section hurt by depression but more severe in the West due to the tightening of credit by the Second Bank of the US, South and West (advocated easy credit) blamed Bank and the eastern establishment for the Panic

Westward Movement (beginnings of Manifest Destiny)
With migration westward, inevitable clash between the rural areas of the South and West with the urban areas of the East as well as slavery in the newly acquired territories

King Cotton
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin and cheap, available lands in the West makes the South more dependent on slave labor, growth of the factory system and corporations as well as interchangeable parts in the Northeast (Slater, Lowell system, textile mills, unions)

Immigration
Old Immigrants (Irish and Germans) move to the NE and Midwest

American Colonization Society-move slaves back to Africa

Nationalism (sunny day)
War of 1812
US gained respect for other nations after surviving two wars with Britain
Became more economically self-sufficient
Evokes feelings of patriotism, national celebrations and use of the flag
US entering era of unlimited prosperity

Monroe Doctrine
Strong interventionist foreign policy again Britain who sought to recolonize the Central and South America

Literature
James Fenimore Cooper & Washington Irving (American writers/American themes)
Artists
Patriotic themes in painting of Gilbert Stuart, Charles Wilson Peale, John Trumball and school books (Webster’s dictionary)

Clay’s American System (cooperation of Federalist program by Democrats)
1. protective tariffs (helps East)
2. national bank (aid to all sections)
3. internal improvements (helps South & West), vetoed due to constitutional concerns

Marshall’s Supreme Court
Gave more power to the national government from the states as well as the Supreme Court (Marbury v. Madison)
McCulloch v. Maryland, Fletcher v. Peck, Gibbons v. Ogden, Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Transportation
Turnpikes, canals (linked east & west), steamships, railroads
Link nation and facilitate movement of goods and people
Led to Market Revolution and National Economy

One-Party System
Monroe wins all but one electoral vote in Election of 1820

Florida
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819 cedes Florida to the US from Spain

Barbary Pirates-finally defeated, created euphoria

Hamilton v. Burr: Got Milk? TV Ad

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OLSsswr6z9Y

This Date in History-Sept. 28

Sep 28, 1781:
Battle of Yorktown begins

On this day in 1781, General George Washington, commanding a force of 17,000 French and Continental troops, begins the siege known as the Battle of Yorktown against British General Lord Charles Cornwallis and a contingent of 9,000 British troops at Yorktown, Virginia, in the most important battle of the Revolutionary War.

Earlier, in a stroke of luck for the Patriots, the French fleet commanded by Francois, Count de Grasse, departed St. Domingue (the then-French colony that is now Haiti) for the Chesapeake Bay, just as Cornwallis chose Yorktown, at the mouth of the Chesapeake, as his base. Washington realized that it was time to act. He ordered Marquis de Lafayette and an American army of 5,000 troops to block Cornwallis' escape from Yorktown by land while the French naval fleet blocked the British escape by sea. By September 28, Washington had completely encircled Cornwallis and Yorktown with the combined forces of Continental and French troops. After three weeks of non-stop bombardment, both day and night, from cannon and artillery, Cornwallis surrendered to Washington in the field at Yorktown on October 17, 1781, effectively ending the War for Independence.

Pleading illness, Cornwallis did not attend the formal surrender ceremony, held on October 19. Instead, his second in command, General Charles O'Hara, carried Cornwallis' sword to the American and French commanders.

Although the war persisted on the high seas and in other theaters, the Patriot victory at Yorktown ended fighting in the American colonies. Peace negotiations began in 1782, and on September 3, 1783, the Treaty of Paris was signed, formally recognizing the United States as a free and independent nation after eight years of war.

This Date in History-Sept. 27

September 27: General Interest
1779 : John Adams appointed to negotiate peace terms with British

On this day in 1779, the Continental Congress appoints John Adams to travel to France as minister plenipotentiary in charge of negotiating treaties of peace and commerce with Great Britain during the Revolutionary War.

Adams had traveled to Paris in 1778 to negotiate an alliance with France, but had been unceremoniously dismissed when Congress chose Benjamin Franklin as sole commissioner. Soon after returning to Massachusetts in mid-1779, Adams was elected as a delegate to the state convention to draw up a new constitution; he was involved in these duties when he learned of his new diplomatic commission. Accompanied by his young sons John Quincy and Charles, Adams sailed for Europe that November aboard the French ship Sensible, which sprang a leak early in the voyage and missed its original destination (Brest), instead landing at El Ferrol, in northwestern Spain. After an arduous journey by mule train across the Pyrenees and into France, Adams and his group reached Paris in early February 1780.

While in Paris, Adams wrote to Congress almost daily (sometimes several letters a day) sharing news about British politics, British and French naval activities and his general perspective on European affairs. Conditions were unfavorable for peace at the time, as the war was going badly for the Continental Army, and the blunt and sometimes confrontational Adams clashed with the French government, especially the powerful Foreign Minister Charles Gravier, Comte de Vergennes. In mid-June, Adams began a correspondence with Vergennes in which he pushed for French naval assistance, antagonizing both Vergennes and Franklin, who brought the matter to the attention of Congress.

By that time, Adams had departed France for Holland, where he was attempting to negotiate a loan from the Dutch. Before the end of the year, he was named American minister to the Netherlands, replacing Henry Laurens, who was captured at sea by the British. In June 1781, capitulating to pressure from Vergennes and other French diplomats, Congress acted to revoke Adams' sole powers as peacemaker with Britain, appointing Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Jay and Laurens to negotiate alongside him.

The tide of the war was turning in America's favor, and Adams returned to Paris in October 1782 to take up his part in the peace negotiations. As Jefferson didn't travel to Europe and Laurens was in failing health after his release from the Tower of London, it was left to Adams, Jay and Franklin to represent American interests. Adams and Jay both distrusted the French government (in contrast with Franklin), but their differences of opinion and diplomatic styles allowed the team to negotiate favorable terms in the Peace of Paris (1783). The following year, Jefferson arrived to take Adams' place as American minister to France, forming a lifelong bond with Adams and his family before the latter left to take up his new post as American ambassador to London and continue his distinguished record of foreign service on behalf of the new nation.

Hands on Heritage

Who said extra credit isn't fun? 

Maps: Lewis & Clark/ War of 1812

War of 1812 

Route of Lewis and Clark

This Date in History-Sept. 26

September 26: General Interest
1960 : First Kennedy-Nixon debate

For the first time in U.S. history, a debate between major party presidential candidates is shown on television. The presidential hopefuls, John F. Kennedy, a Democratic senator of Massachusetts, and Richard M. Nixon, the vice president of the United States, met in a Chicago studio to discuss U.S. domestic matters.

Kennedy emerged the apparent winner from this first of four televised debates, partly owing to his greater ease before the camera than Nixon, who, unlike Kennedy, seemed nervous and declined to wear makeup. Nixon fared better in the second and third debates, and on October 21 the candidates met to discuss foreign affairs in their fourth and final debate. Less than three weeks later, on November 8, Kennedy won 49.7 percent of the popular vote in one of the closest presidential elections in U.S. history, surpassing by a fraction the 49.6 percent received by his Republican opponent.

One year after leaving the vice presidency, Nixon returned to politics, winning the Republican nomination for governor of California. Although he lost the election, Nixon returned to the national stage in 1968 in a successful bid for the presidency. Like Lyndon Johnson in 1964, Nixon declined to debate his opponent in the 1968 presidential campaign. Televised presidential debates returned in 1976, and have been held in every presidential campaign since.

This Date in History-Sept. 25

September 25: General Interest
1957 : Central High School integrated

Under escort from the U.S. Army's 101st Airborne Division, nine black students enter all-white Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Three weeks earlier, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus had surrounded the school with National Guard troops to prevent its federal court-ordered racial integration. After a tense standoff, President Dwight D. Eisenhower federalized the Arkansas National Guard and sent 1,000 army paratroopers to Little Rock to enforce the court order.

On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka that racial segregation in educational facilities was unconstitutional. Five days later, the Little Rock School Board issued a statement saying it would comply with the decision when the Supreme Court outlined the method and time frame in which desegregation should be implemented.

Arkansas was at the time among the more progressive Southern states in regard to racial issues. The University of Arkansas School of Law was integrated in 1949, and the Little Rock Public Library in 1951. Even before the Supreme Court ordered integration to proceed "with all deliberate speed," the Little Rock School Board in 1955 unanimously adopted a plan of integration to begin in 1957 at the high school level. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) filed suit, arguing the plan was too gradual, but a federal judge dismissed the suit, saying that the school board was acting in "utmost good faith." Meanwhile, Little Rock's public buses were desegregated. By 1957, seven out of Arkansas' eight state universities were integrated.

In the spring of 1957, there were 517 black students who lived in the Central High School district. Eighty expressed an interest in attending Central in the fall, and they were interviewed by the Little Rock School Board, which narrowed down the number of candidates to 17. Eight of those students later decided to remain at all-black Horace Mann High School, leaving the "Little Rock Nine" to forge their way into Little Rock's premier high school.

In August 1957, the newly formed Mother's League of Central High School won a temporary injunction from the county chancellor to block integration of the school, charging that it "could lead to violence." Federal District Judge Ronald Davies nullified the injunction on August 30. On September 2, Governor Orval Faubus--a staunch segregationist--called out the Arkansas National Guard to surround Central High School and prevent integration, ostensibly to prevent the bloodshed he claimed desegregation would cause. The next day, Judge Davies ordered integrated classes to begin on September 4.

That morning, 100 armed National Guard troops encircled Central High School. A mob of 400 white civilians gathered and turned ugly when the black students began to arrive, shouting racial epithets and threatening the teenagers with violence. The National Guard troops refused to let the black students pass and used their clubs to control the crowd. One of the nine, 15-year-old Elizabeth Eckford, was surrounded by the mob, which threatened to lynch her. She was finally led to safety by a sympathetic white woman.

Little Rock Mayor Woodrow Mann condemned Faubus' decision to call out the National Guard, but the governor defended his action, reiterating that he did so to prevent violence. The governor also stated that integration would occur in Little Rock when and if a majority of people chose to support it. Faubus' defiance of Judge Davies' court order was the first major test of Brown v. Board of Education and the biggest challenge of the federal government's authority over the states since the Reconstruction Era.

The standoff continued, and on September 20 Judge Davies ruled that Faubus had used the troops to prevent integration, not to preserve law and order as he claimed. Faubus had no choice but to withdraw the National Guard troops. Authority over the explosive situation was put in the hands of the Little Rock Police Department.

On September 23, as a mob of 1,000 whites milled around outside Central High School, the nine black students managed to gain access to a side door. However, the mob became unruly when it learned the black students were inside, and the police evacuated them out of fear for their safety. That evening, President Eisenhower issued a special proclamation calling for opponents of the federal court order to "cease and desist." On September 24, Little Rock's mayor sent a telegram to the president asking him to send troops to maintain order and complete the integration process. Eisenhower immediately federalized the Arkansas National Guard and approved the deployment of U.S. troops to Little Rock. That evening, from the White House, the president delivered a nationally televised address in which he explained that he had taken the action to defend the rule of law and prevent "mob rule" and "anarchy." On September 25, the Little Rock Nine entered the school under heavily armed guard.

Troops remained at Central High School throughout the school year, but still the black students were subjected to verbal and physical assaults from a faction of white students. Melba Patillo, one of the nine, had acid thrown in her eyes, and Elizabeth Eckford was pushed down a flight of stairs. The three male students in the group were subjected to more conventional beatings. Minnijean Brown was suspended after dumping a bowl of chili over the head of a taunting white student. She was later suspended for the rest of the year after continuing to fight back. The other eight students consistently turned the other cheek. On May 27, 1958, Ernest Green, the only senior in the group, became the first black to graduate from Central High School.

Governor Faubus continued to fight the school board's integration plan, and in September 1958 he ordered Little Rock's three high schools closed rather than permit integration. Many Little Rock students lost a year of education as the legal fight over desegregation continued. In 1959, a federal court struck down Faubus' school-closing law, and in August 1959 Little Rock's white high schools opened a month early with black students in attendance. All grades in Little Rock public schools were finally integrated in 1972.

This Date in History-Sept. 24

September 24: General Interest
1789 : The First Supreme Court

The Judiciary Act of 1789 is passed by Congress and signed by President George Washington, establishing the Supreme Court of the United States as a tribunal made up of six justices who were to serve on the court until death or retirement. That day, President Washington nominated John Jay to preside as chief justice, and John Rutledge, William Cushing, John Blair, Robert Harrison, and James Wilson to be associate justices. On September 26, all six appointments were confirmed by the U.S. Senate.

The U.S. Supreme Court was established by Article 3 of the U.S. Constitution. The Constitution granted the Supreme Court ultimate jurisdiction over all laws, especially those in which their constitutionality was at issue. The high court was also designated to oversee cases concerning treaties of the United States, foreign diplomats, admiralty practice, and maritime jurisdiction. On February 1, 1790, the first session of the U.S. Supreme Court was held in New York City's Royal Exchange Building.

The U.S. Supreme Court grew into the most important judicial body in the world in terms of its central place in the American political order. According to the Constitution, the size of the court is set by Congress, and the number of justices varied during the 19th century before stabilizing in 1869 at nine. In times of constitutional crisis, the nation's highest court has always played a definitive role in resolving, for better or worse, the great issues of the time.

Sample DBQs

French and Indian War DBQ
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap04_frq_ushistory_36180.pdf

American Revolution DBQ
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/_ap05_frq_us_history_45555.pdf

Federalists v. Democratic-Republicans

Federalist Party
Originated from support of the Constitution (Federalist Papers)
Nominated John Adams for President in 1796
Died as a result of Hamilton’s death in 1804 and the Hartford Convention (1814) during the War of 1812, Beginnings of the brief one-party system under Monroe (Era of Good Feelings?)
Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
Loose interpretation of the Constitution
Supported a strong central govt.
Pro-British
Large peacetime army and navy
(Success)Aid to business, national bank, tariffs to support infant industries, (Hamilton’s Economic System)
Northern businessmen and large landowners (commercial classes)
Particularly strong in New England
Distrust of the masses

Democratic-Republican Party
Absorbed many traits of the Anti-Federalist Party
Transformed into the Democratic Party under Andrew Jackson in the 1830’s
Thomas Jefferson and James Madison
Strict interpretation of the Constitution (Did Jefferson live up to these ideals?)
Weak central govt. (power given to states)
Pro-French
Small peacetime army and navy
Favored agriculture, no national bank, opposed tariffs
Skilled workers, small farmers, plantation owners
Strong in the South and West, aided by Louisiana Purchase in 1803

American Revolution and the War of 1812

American Revolution (1775-1783)
Causes: Taxation of colonies following the French and Indian War which reversed the British policy of salutary neglect
Began: British shots fired at Lexington & Concord in April 1775
US Leaders: George Washington, Benedict Arnold, Nathanael Greene, Horatio Gates, Francis Marion, John Burgoyne, George Rogers Clark
British Leaders: King George III, Charles Cornwallis, Thomas Gage, William Howe
Battles: Bunker Hill, Princeton, Trenton, Saratoga, Kings Mountain, Cowpens, Yorktown
Outcome: Treaty of Paris- British recognized existence of the US as an independent nation, Mississippi River would be its western boundary, Americans would have fishing rights off the Canadian coast, American would pay debts owned to the British merchants and Loyalists claims for confiscated property
Legacy: Declaration of Independence, US wavers under the weak Articles of Confederation that led the creation of our Constitution
US Deaths: 6824


War of 1812 (1812-1815)
Causes: Continued British violation of US neutrality rights as sea, trouble with the British and Indians on the western frontier, rise of the War Hawks from the South & West
US President: James Madison
US Leaders: Oliver Hazard Perry, William Henry Harrison (Tippecanoe), Thomas MacDonough, Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory)
Battles: Invasion of Canada, Lake Erie, Thames, Lake Champlain, Horseshoe Bend, New Orleans, Fort McHenry, Invasion of Washington, DC
Outcome: Treaty of Ghent- Halted fighting, returned all conquered territory to prewar claimant, recognized the prewar boundary between Canada and the US
Legacy: US gained respect of other nations, US came to accept Canada as a neighbor and a part of the British Empire, Federalist Party ended due to actions at the Hartford Convention, talk of succession and disunion set a precedent later used by the South, Indians forced to surrender large areas to white settlements, US took a big step toward self-sufficiency due to British naval blockade, war heroes would emerge as the new generation of political leaders, strong feeling of American nationalism and a growing belief that the future lay in the West away from Europe
US Deaths: 2260

Chapter 7 Terms

Chapter 7: Age of Jefferson
Jefferson’s Inaugural Address
Thomas Jefferson
National Bank
Debt-repayment plan
Neutrality
Military spending
Federal jobs
Excise Tax
National Debt
Political Patronage
Napoleon
Toussaint L’Ouverture (Haiti)
Right of deposit
Louisiana Purchase
Strict Construction
Agrarian Society
Louis & Clark Expedition
John Marshall
Midnight Judges
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Judicial Review
Judicial impeachments
Samuel Chase
Election of 1804
“Quids”
Aaron Burr
Secession Conspiracy
“The Duel”
Burr’s Treason Trial
Barbary Pirates
Napoleonic Wars
Blockades
Impressment
Chesapeake-Leopard Affair
Embargo Act of 1807
“OGRABME”
Merchant Marine
Election of 1808
James Madison
Nonintercourse Act of 1909
Macon’s Bill No. 10
Napoleon’s deception
Causes of the War
Free seas & trade
Impressment
Frontier Pressures
Tecumseh & Prophet
William Henry Harrison
Battle of Tippecancoe
War Hawks
Henry Clay
John C. Calhoun
Declaration of War
Election of 1812
War of 1812 (Mr. Madison’s War)
Opposition to War
New England merchants
Federalists
Quids
Invasion of Canada
Constitution (Old Ironsides)
Privateers
English naval blockade
Oliver Hazard Perry
Thomas MacDonough
Burning of Washington, DC
Francis Scott Key
Andrew Jackson
Battle of Horseshoe Bend
Creek Nation
Battle of New Orleans
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Hartford Convention
Secession
War of 1812 Legacy (see pg. 132)
Nationalism
Second War of Independence

Jefferson, the War of 1812, Era of Good Feelings (Very Important)

Significance of Jefferson’s President (Did he live up to Democratic-Republican ideals? Was the Election of 1800 Revolutionary?)
-Kept much of Hamilton’s Economic System but repealed the excise taxes, continued Neutrality, Reduced the size of the military, eliminated federal jobs, lowed govt. spending
-Louisiana Purchase (Lewis & Clark), was it constitutional?, Judicial Impeachments of Federalist judges, Barbury Pirates, Embargo Act (dealing with British/French War), Marbury v. Madison (judicial review), Marshall Court (federal over state power/nationalistic)
Expansion into the trans-Appalachian West
-Southerners needed new land for cotton, improved transportation, cheap and available land, Louisiana Purchase led to sectionalism (Missouri Compromise), acquisition of Native American lands from War of 1812, Purchase of Florida (1819) stemming from Jackson’ raids into this Spanish territory
Native-American resistance
-Battle of Horseshoe Bend (Jackson defeats Creeks which opens up lands for new settlers), Pinckney Treaty with Spain opens up Mississippi Valley, General Anthony Wayne defeats tribes of the Ohio Valley (Treaty of Greenville) which open up Ohio Valley, William Henry Harrison defeats Prophet and Tecumseh at Battle of Thames and Tippecanoe (Indians forced to move west)
Growth of slavery and free Black Communities
-Slavery supported by Jefferson, cotton needed new lands to expand, rise of free blacks in the North and South (voluntary manumission by slaveowners)
The War of 1812 and its consequences
-Causes: War Hawks of the South and West (Calhoun and Clay) supported the war while New Englanders disliked it (Hartford Convention), impressment of US sailors, British incitement of Indians on the Western frontier, British troops not leaving posts on western frontier, Madison siding with French after Macon’s Bill
-Events: Invasion of Canada, Burning of Washington, Star Spangled Banner, Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent (ended the war)
-Significance: Federalist Party dies (Hartford Convention-set precedence for nullification and secession), Accepted Canada, Now a great power (survived two war with the greatest power), Native Americans surrendered large areas of land in the Ohio Valley and Mississippi Valley, Americans became more industrial self-sufficient, War heroes: Harrison and Jackson, future presidents, ushered in an Era of Good Feelings
Era of Good Feelings (rise of nationalism)
-Cultural Nationalism: nationalistic authors (James Fenimore Cooper), Painters (Stuart, Trumball, Peale)
-Economic Nationalism: Tariff of 1816, Clay’s American System of the 1820s (sought rise in federal govts. power), better transportation systems (canals, turnpikes, steamboats, railroads)
-Political Nationalism; The Marshall Court, Monroe Doctrine, One-Party System, Purchase of Florida
Not an Era of Good Feelings (rise of sectionalism)
-Panic of 1819, Missouri Compromise, Two-party system (Whigs v. Democrats) began to emerge following Corrupt Bargain of 1824, Indian Resistance, Slavery Revolt (Stono Rebellion,Denmark Vessey)

Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809)
“We are all Republican, we are all Federalists”
President of the gentleman farmer

-Maintained National Bank, Hamilton’s economic program of debt reduction, and carried on neutrality of both Washington & Adams (all characteristics of Federalists)
-Reduced size of military, eliminated federal jobs, repealed excise tax, lowered national debt (all characteristics of Democratic Republicans)

Louisiana Purchase (1803)
-Despite commitment to strict interpretation of the Constitution, he supported the purchase agreement (Federalist ideal)
-Strengthened his hopes on a future based on an agrarian society of independent farmers (D-R ideal)

Judicial Impeachment
-Despite Chief Justice John Marshall, a staunch Federalist, leading the Supreme Court (Marbury v. Madison, 1803), Jefferson supported a campaign of impeachment to remove partisan Federalist judges including Supreme Court judge, Samuel Chase. His attempts failed but caused Federalist judges to be less partisan.

Barbury Pirates
-Jefferson sent a small fleet of US ships to combat the higher bribes placed on the US by the Barbury states of North Africa. (Federalist ideal of strong executive power)

Challenge to US neutrality
-Jefferson attempted to adhere to the neutrality policy of Washington and Adams.
-Despite his support for the French (D-R ideal), both France and Britain blockaded enemy ports and regularly seized the ships of neutral nations, confiscating their cargoes due to the current Napoleonic Wars.
-As an alternative to war, Jefferson supported the Embargo Act (1807), prohibiting any American merchant ship from sailing to any foreign port.
-His action brought economic hardship to the US, especially New England.
-After its repeal, US ships could finally trade with other nations except Britain and France (Nonintercourse Act)
(All Federalist ideals of strong executive power)

Washington's Farewell Address

http://www.earlyamerica.com/earlyamerica/milestones/farewell/

The above website should help you in with the essay contest question. Start formulating your response. This will be due on October 18. 
IN HIS FAREWELL ADDRESS IN PHILADELPHIA IN 1776, GEORGE WASHINGTON WARNED AGAINST THE ADVENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN NATIONS WITH POPULACE-ELECTED GOVERNMENTS. DO YOU BELIEVE OUR NATION'S HISTORY SUPPORTS HIS VIEWS? EXPLAIN.

We worship Jefferson, but we have become Hamilton's America

http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1071513/posts

Washington, Adams, and Jefferson: Fact Sheet

George Washington:

• First president to implement the new Constitution, setting many precedents • Served only two terms; Cincinnatus symbol and republican ideal — government based on republican principles • Rejected monarchical titles • His stature reassured Americans about the new government • Supported the Bill of Rights • Appointed Cabinet members (War, State, Treasury, Attorney General) and members of the

Supreme Court • Supported Hamilton’s financial plan on funding, revenues, creation of Bank of the United States,

assumption of state debts • Accepted compromise on location of national capitol to assure implementation of assumption of

state debts • Generally supported broad (Federalist) interpretation of the Constitution and a strong federal government • “Proclamation of Neutrality,” choosing not to honor the French treaty of 1778; skillful handling of the Citizen Genet affair • Supported Jay Treaty to resolve conflict with Great Britain • Supported Pinckney Treaty to keep open access to Mississippi River • Remained aloof from party politics, condemning party factionalism • Put down Whiskey Rebellion and enforced collection of federal excise taxes • Sent troops into Old Northwest to control Indians on frontier • Actions in office put constitutional principles into practice • Took seriously the concept of separation of powers and took care to implement it • Farewell Address urged disentanglement and condemned parties • No major blunders or scandals during his presidency

John Adams:

• Served two terms as Vice-President • Succeeded Washington as President • Supported broad interpretation of the Constitution and a strong central government • Urged funding for military preparedness; built up US navy • Sought to avoid full-scale war with France: XYZ Affair and Convention of 1800 • Continued Hamilton’s fiscal policies • Tried to control cabinet officials and partisan extremists • Accepted defeat and took part in peaceful transition of power: “Revolution of 1800” • Alien and Sedition Acts may be mentioned as an example of threatening governmental stability • The appointment of John Marshall as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court is a valid example of stabilizing the new government IF his long-term impact is noted..

Thomas Jefferson:

• Served as Secretary of State under Washington, 1789-1794 • Urged strict interpretation of the Constitution in the 1790s, yet proved to be flexible when in power as president • Helped organize one of the first political parties, Democratic Republicans, and would subsequently

provide leadership of the party as president • Supported states rights and limited national government • Elected Vice-President in 1796 • Opposed Alien and Sedition Acts and wrote Kentucky Resolutions condemning acts as unconstitutional

and an abuse of republicanism • Assumed presidency in 1801 in vital, peaceful transition of power • Set example of simple, modest “republican” presidency • Inaugural address urged reconciliation of political parties and set forth democratic republican principles • Limited use of spoils system; did not dismiss all Federalists currently in government • Restored naturalization law of five years; urged repeal of remaining sections of Alien and Sedition Acts, and pardoned those convicted under remaining sections • Continued most of Hamilton’s financial programs in terms of limited import duties, payment of national debt, land sales, and the national bank • Reduced military expenditures and other government expenses, as well as direct taxes; objective was a more frugal government • Purchased Louisiana Territory to reduce foreign threat in the West and on the Mississippi, part of the ideal of the Empire of Liberty and the creation of an agrarian republic • Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the nation, involving broad interpretation of powers allowed the federal government by the Constitution • Truce with the Barbary pirates following successful military action, which led to greater economic stability and expanded trade in the Mediterranean • Accepted decisions of the Federalist (Marshall) U.S. Supreme Court • Sponsored the Lewis and Clark expedition for multiple purposes — an example of a broad use of presidential power • Economic coercion policies, such as the Embargo Acts — kept the U.S. out of war but could also be seen as destabilizing because it polarized New England Federalists

This Date in History-Sept 22

September 22: General Interest
1862 : Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

On this day in 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issues a preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which sets a date for the freedom of more than 3 million black slaves in the United States and recasts the Civil War as a fight against slavery.

When the Civil War broke out in 1861, shortly after Lincoln's inauguration as America's 16th president, he maintained that the war was about restoring the Union and not about slavery. He avoided issuing an anti-slavery proclamation immediately, despite the urgings of abolitionists and radical Republicans, as well as his personal belief that slavery was morally repugnant. Instead, Lincoln chose to move cautiously until he could gain wide support from the public for such a measure.

In July 1862, Lincoln informed his cabinet that he would issue an emancipation proclamation but that it would exempt the so-called border states, which had slaveholders but remained loyal to the Union. His cabinet persuaded him not to make the announcement until after a Union victory. Lincoln's opportunity came following the Union win at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. On September 22, the president announced that slaves in areas still in rebellion within 100 days would be free.

On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the final Emancipation Proclamation, which declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebel states "are, and henceforward shall be free." The proclamation also called for the recruitment and establishment of black military units among the Union forces. An estimated 180,000 African Americans went on to serve in the army, while another 18,000 served in the navy.

After the Emancipation Proclamation, backing the Confederacy was seen as favoring slavery. It became impossible for anti-slavery nations such as Great Britain and France, who had been friendly to the Confederacy, to get involved on behalf of the South. The proclamation also unified and strengthened Lincoln's party, the Republicans, helping them stay in power for the next two decades.

The proclamation was a presidential order and not a law passed by Congress, so Lincoln then pushed for an antislavery amendment to the U.S. Constitution to ensure its permanence. With the passage of the 13th Amendment in 1865, slavery was eliminated throughout America (although blacks would face another century of struggle before they truly began to gain equal rights).

Lincoln's handwritten draft of the final Emancipation Proclamation was destroyed in the Chicago Fire of 1871. Today, the original official version of the document is housed in the National Archives in Washington, D.C.